Ecological Effectiveness: Conservation Goals for Interactive Species
نویسندگان
چکیده
The rarity or absence of highly interactive species leaves a functional void that can trigger linked changes leading to degraded or simplified ecosystems. A preliminary analysis indicates a relatively high frequency of such interactive species among endangered mammals. Rapid environmental change is likely to increase the interactivity of some species and reduce that of others over relatively short intervals. The current implementation of environmental policies and laws, such as the U.S. Endangered Species Act, generally ignores interspecific effects; recovery goals are autecological, short term, and numerically and spatially minimalistic. Moreover, by failing to account for interspecific interactions, recovery objectives are becoming indefensible in light of increasing knowledge from community ecology. Using the sea otter ( Enhydra lutris ) and wolf ( Canis lupus ) as examples, we argue that conservation plans should call for recovery or repatriation of such interactive species at ecologically effective densities in as many places as are currently realistic. It will be prudent and beneficial to estimate ecologically effective densities where there is disagreement among experts and interested parties about the desirability of restoring an interactive species to a particular region and to a particular density. Efectividad Ecológica: Metas de Conservación para Especies Interactivas Resumen: La rareza o ausencia de especies altamente interactivas deja un vacío funcional que puede desencadenar cambios que conducen a ecosistemas degradados o simplificados. Un análisis preliminar indica una frecuencia relativamente alta de esas especies interactivas entre mamíferos en peligro. Es probable que el cambio ambiental rápido incremente la interactividad de algunas especies y reduzca la de otras en períodos relativamente cortos. La actual aplicación de políticas y leyes ambientales, tal como el Acta de Especies en Peligro de E.U.A., generalmente ignora los efectos interespecíficos; las metas de recuperación son autoecológicas, de corto plazo y numérica y espacialmente minimalistas. Más aun, al no tomar en cuenta las interacciones interespecíficas, los objetivos de recuperación se están volviendo indefendibles a la luz del creciente conocimiento de la ecología de comunidades. Utilizando a la nutria marina ( Enhydra lutris ) y al lobo ( Canis lupus ) como ejemplos, argumentamos que los planes de conservación deben considerar la recuperación o repatriación de dichas especies interactivas en densidades ecológicamente efectivas en el mayor número de sitios realistamente posibles. Será prudente y benéfico estimar las densidades ecológicamente efectivas donde hay desacuerdo entre expertos y grupos interesados sobre la conveniencia de restaurar una especie interactiva en una región particular y a una densidad particular. Paper submitted December 4, 2001; revised manuscript accepted December 18, 2002.
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